{"id":9757,"date":"2022-04-19T09:41:35","date_gmt":"2022-04-19T07:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apnu.be\/?p=9757"},"modified":"2025-11-11T10:20:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T09:20:54","slug":"apnu-jeunes-perspectives-sur-le-nouvel-afghanistan-en-vue-dune-possible-reconnaissance-de-la-part-de-la-communaute-internationale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apnu.be\/index.php\/2022\/04\/19\/apnu-jeunes-perspectives-sur-le-nouvel-afghanistan-en-vue-dune-possible-reconnaissance-de-la-part-de-la-communaute-internationale\/","title":{"rendered":"APNU JEUNES – Perspectives sur le \u00ab\u00a0nouvel\u00a0\u00bb Afghanistan en vue d\u2019une possible reconnaissance de la part de la Communaut\u00e9 Internationale\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

F\u00e9lix Dejaiffe, M.A de sp\u00e9cialisation en analyse interdisciplinaire de la construction europ\u00e9enne, Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis Bruxelles (Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain) et Cl\u00e9mentine Schumacker, BA3, Science Politique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. La communaut\u00e9 internationale face \u00e0 la situation en Afghanistan :<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

En ao\u00fbt 2021, les forces talibanes ont pris <\/mark>le contr\u00f4le<\/mark><\/a> <\/mark>de la quasi-totalit\u00e9 de l’Afghanistan apr\u00e8s le retrait des forces militaires am\u00e9ricaines. Cette op\u00e9ration marque <\/mark>la fin du plus long conflit impliquant l\u2019arm\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine<\/mark><\/a>, avec, pour r\u00e9sultat, un Afghanistan en proie \u00e0 une crise s\u00e9curitaire, humanitaire et \u00e9conomique aigu\u00eb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s<\/mark><\/a>, plus d’un demi-million de personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9es \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur du pays rien qu’en 2021 – et le nombre de civils contraints de fuir ne cesse d’augmenter. Au cours de la p\u00e9riode hivernale, les Nations Unies ont apport\u00e9 un soutien financier et humanitaire<\/mark><\/a> <\/mark>\u00e0 plus de 200 000 personnes vuln\u00e9rables pour leur permettre de chauffer leur maison et pr\u00e9venir un risque de malnutrition et de famine g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e dans le pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Face au renversement du gouvernement et \u00e0 la prise de Kaboul par les insurg\u00e9s, l\u2019avenir de l\u2019Afghanistan et de ses citoyens repose d\u00e9sormais dans les mains du nouvel \u00c9mirat Islamique confront\u00e9 \u00e0 de multiples crises. La mont\u00e9e en puissance des talibans a suscit\u00e9<\/mark><\/a> l\u2019inqui\u00e9tude de la communaut\u00e9 internationale, pr\u00e9occup\u00e9e par la mani\u00e8re dont le mouvement utilisera son nouveau pouvoir, et par les r\u00e9percussions de ce changement politique sur les pays voisins. Dans le contexte de cet Etat d\u00e9liquescent, l\u2019organisation du maintien de la paix dans la r\u00e9gion s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9e une minutieuse mission pour l\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Qu\u2019en est-il du r\u00f4le de l\u2019ONU ?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019objectif premier des Nations Unies est de maintenir une communication avec le gouvernement des talibans afin de le superviser et ainsi d\u2019assurer le respect des conditions essentielles de leur gouvernance, notamment concernant le traitement de la population et les acquis en mati\u00e8re de droits des femmes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ce sujet, Deborah Lyons<\/mark><\/a>, repr\u00e9sentante sp\u00e9ciale des Nations unies et cheffe de la Mission d’assistance des Nations unies en Afghanistan (MANUA) a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u201cen fin de compte, les talibans doivent d\u00e9cider s’ils gouvernent en fonction des besoins et des droits de la population afghane diversifi\u00e9e, ou s’ils gouvernent sur la base d’une id\u00e9ologie \u00e9troite et d’une base ethnique encore plus \u00e9troite\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En parall\u00e8le, le Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Antonio Guterres a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que l\u2019ONU ne pourrait faire mieux que les am\u00e9ricains, qui ont d\u00e9pens\u00e9 pas moins de 1.000 milliards de dollars durant l\u2019occupation des territoires afghans par leurs troupes, pour finalement voir le gouvernement et l\u2019arm\u00e9e afghane s\u2019effondrer d\u00e8s le retrait des forces \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette d\u00e9claration n\u2019a cependant pas emp\u00each\u00e9 les Nations Unies de tenter d\u2019agir en profondeur, avec le renforcement du mandat de la MANUA par le Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cialement dans les domaines des droits de l\u2019homme et de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genres, le 17 mars dernier, et sa prolongation jusqu\u2019au 17 mars 2023. Cette mission d\u2019assistance a \u00e9galement pour objectif de promouvoir une gouvernance inclusive, repr\u00e9sentative et respectueuse du droit international. L\u2019interaction de l\u2019Afghanistan avec la communaut\u00e9 internationale repr\u00e9sente un v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De plus, la situation \u00e9conomique de l\u2019Afghanistan risque bel et bien de demander un effort suppl\u00e9mentaire de la part des agences onusiennes. En effet, le retour des Talibans au pouvoir a provoqu\u00e9 l\u2019envol des prix des produits de consommation essentiels ainsi que l\u2019\u00e9puisement rapide des ressources financi\u00e8res, renfor\u00e7ant une ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire d\u00e9j\u00e0 importante. Dans un pays fortement d\u00e9pendant de l\u2019aide ext\u00e9rieure, le retrait de l\u2019aide financi\u00e8re internationale risque de mettre le pays \u00e0 genoux. La preuve en est que depuis 2002, 80% du budget public se voyait financ\u00e9 par l\u2019aide internationale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, les banques afghanes ont rapidement ferm\u00e9, privant la population de liquidit\u00e9s. Par cons\u00e9quent, la devise nationale a chut\u00e9 car l’aide internationale, qui repr\u00e9sentait les trois quarts des recettes budg\u00e9taires de l’Etat afghan, a \u00e9t\u00e9 suspendue. En opposition au gouvernement taliban, l’Union europ\u00e9enne a suspendu<\/mark><\/a> son programme d’aide au d\u00e9veloppement de 1,2 milliard d’euros sur quatre ans et les Etats-Unis ont bloqu\u00e9 l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des avoirs<\/mark><\/a> de la Banque centrale afghane. Le FMI a \u00e9galement retir\u00e9 ses aides<\/mark><\/a> en attendant de savoir si le nouveau r\u00e9gime serait reconnu par la communaut\u00e9 internationale, suivi par la Banque mondiale, i<\/mark><\/a>nqui\u00e8te<\/mark><\/a> en particulier du sort des femmes afghanes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Face \u00e0 ces risques \u00e9conomiques importants, la MANUA a inject\u00e9 des liquidit\u00e9s dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie et tente actuellement de mettre en place une facilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9change dans le but de donner acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des dollars am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 des entreprises l\u00e9gitimes afin de leur permettre d\u2019importer des marchandises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Le nouveau gouvernement de l\u2019Emirat Islamique d\u2019Afghanistan :<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Face au nouveau gouvernement des Talibans, qui peine \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 exercer une ma\u00eetrise politique align\u00e9e sur les demandes de la MANUA, la communaut\u00e9 internationale peine \u00e0 avancer sur la question de sa reconnaissance. En effet, actuellement, aucun gouvernement n\u2019a accept\u00e9 de donner aux Talibans une quelconque reconnaissance diplomatique \u00e0 cause de la crainte \u00e9vidente que l\u2019argent apport\u00e9 \u00e0 la population afghane ne finisse entre les mains des dirigeants talibans qui en feraient possiblement usage \u00e0 des fins terroristes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nous pouvons conclure que, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9chec des Etats Unis en Afghanistan, la mont\u00e9e en puissance des Talibans \u201c2.0\u201d et l\u2019enjeu de leur reconnaissance politique, il reste crucial de faire face au dilemme du maintien de l\u2019assistance humanitaire et de s\u2019engager dans un relatif partenariat avec le nouveau gouvernement afghan afin d\u2019\u00e9viter l\u2019effondrement \u00e9conomique du pays et l\u2019aggravation des conditions de vie des citoyens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farooq Yousaf & Moheb Jabarkhail (2021). Afghanistan\u2019s future under the Taliban regime: engagement or isolation?, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080\/18335330.2021.1982139<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michelle Nichols & Mary Miliken. (16 Septembre 2021). \u201cA fantasy’ to think U.N. can fix Afghanistan\u201d Guterres says, Reuters, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/asia-pacific\/a-fantasy-think-un-can-fix-afghanistan-guterres-says-2021-09-15\/<\/a>, acc\u00e9s 10\/10\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No\u00e9mis Taylor-Rosner. (13 Octobre 2021). Le G20 s\u2019engage \u00e0 aider l\u2019Afghanistan pour \u00e9viter une catastrophe \u00e9conomique, Courrier International https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/revue-de-presse\/humanitaire-le-g20-sengage-aider-lafghanistan-pour-eviter-une-catastrophe-economique<\/a>, acc\u00e8s 19\/11\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hannah Duncan & Kate Clark. (06 Septembre 2021). Afghanistan’s looming economic catastrophe : What next for the Taliban and the donors ? Afghanistan Analyst Network ?https:\/\/www.afghanistan-analysts.org\/en\/reports\/economy-development-environment\/afghanistans-looming-economic-catastrophe-what-next-for-the-taleban-and-the-donors\/<\/a>, acc\u00e8s 19\/11\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joshua D. Kertzer. (Septembre 2021). American Credibility after Afghanistan: what the withdrawal really means for Washington\u2019s reputation, Foreign Affairs, https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/afghanistan\/2021-09-02\/american-credibility-after-afghanistan<\/a>, acc\u00e8s 10\/11\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asli Ayd\u0131nta\u015fba\u015f & Al. (25 Ao\u00fbt 2021). The Fall of the Afghan government and what it means for Europe, European Council of Foreign Relations, https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/publication\/the-fall-of-the-afghan-government-and-what-it-means-for-europe\/#Security_and_defence<\/a>, acc\u00e8s 10\/11\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hazrat M. Bahar. (2020). Social media and disinformation in war propaganda: how Afghan government and the Taliban use Twitter, Media Asia, Vol. 47, Num\u00e9ro 1-2: Repression \/ Assertion, pp. 34-46 https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01296612.2020.1822634?journalCode=rmea20&<\/a>, acc\u00e8s 21\/09\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lectures suppl\u00e9mentaires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barnett R. Rubin. (2020). Afghanistan: What everyone need to know, Oxford University Press, ISBN: 9780190496630<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carter Malkasian. The American War in Afghanistan: A History, Ed. Oxford University Press, ISBN: \u200e 978-0197550779<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Craig Whitlock. (Ao\u00fbt 2021). The Afghanistan Papers: A Secret History of the War, Ed. Simon & Schuster, 368 pages, ISBN-13 \u200f : \u200e 978-1982159009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Francis Fukuyama. (2006). Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, Ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 272 pages, ISBN: 9780801883354<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hassan Abbas. (2015). The Taliban Revival: Violence and Extremism on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier, Ed. Yale University Press, 299 pages, ISBN: 9780300178845<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Set G. Jones. (2010). In the Graveyard of Empires – America War in Afghanistan, Ed. Norton, 464 pages, ISBN : 978-0393338515<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La parole \u00e0 APNU Jeunes sur la reconnaissance internationale de l\u2019Afghanistan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9768,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[169,118],"tags":[165,125],"class_list":["post-9757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apnu-jeunes","category-articles","tag-afghanistan","tag-onu"],"yoast_head":"\nAPNU JEUNES - Perspectives sur le \u00ab\u00a0nouvel\u00a0\u00bb Afghanistan en vue d\u2019une possible reconnaissance de la part de la Communaut\u00e9 Internationale\u00a0 - APNU<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/apnu.be\/index.php\/2022\/04\/19\/apnu-jeunes-perspectives-sur-le-nouvel-afghanistan-en-vue-dune-possible-reconnaissance-de-la-part-de-la-communaute-internationale\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"APNU JEUNES - 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